by Vernia Legal Practitioners | Dec 8, 2022 | Commercial Law, Litigation, Society & Law
Introduction
A Contract is simply an agreement between two or more parties that is legally binding. Simply put, it is an agreement that the law will enforce.
A Memorandum of Understanding on the other hand, is a preliminary to a Contract. It is an agreement that a contract will be entered between parties in future. Perfectly put by the Court of Appeal in Aburime & Anor v. Osunbor [2022] Lpelr-57590 [Ca]:
” Memorandum of Understanding is not the real agreement but a document guiding the future agreement. Its status is something less than a complete contract.……The implication is that its content cannot be enforced. Be that as it may, it remains a document which the parties can refer to for the purpose of reminding them of the content therein.” Per Bola, J.C.A. [PP 11 – 12]
Also, in B.P.S Construction & Engineering Co. Ltd V. Fcda [2017] Lpelr-42516 [Sc], the Supreme Court held per Kekere-Ekun, J.s.c (Pp 20 – 21 Paras B – B):
“…it is clear that a memorandum of understanding or letter of intent, merely sets down in writing what the parties intend will eventually form the basis of a formal contract between them. It speaks to the future happening of a more formal relationship between the parties and the steps each party needs to take to bring that intention to reality.
Therefore, it is clear as crystal that an MOU is not to be enforced. It is a preliminary to a future Agreement to be entered into by contracting parties. An MOU is for the future.
However, for every law, there is an exception. There is a way whereby an MOU can still be deemed an agreement which the Courts would recognize as binding on the parties. Where the parties to an MOU agree to be bound by the terms and conditions, none of them is permitted to later aver that the MOU is not binding. The rules of Estoppel forbid such party. The Court of Appeal in Tower Securities & Investment Co. Ltd. v. Coronation Merchant Bank Ltd (2020) Lpelr -51415 (Ca) per Aliyu, J.c.a (Pp 34 – 36 Paras A – E) explained:
“There is no doubt that an MOU’s status is less than a complete contract. But in the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case under which the MOU was executed, I am confident to hold that the parties intended to be bound by the terms thereof. ……………In the case of B. P. S. Construction Company & Engineering Ltd Vs. FCDA (2017) 10 NWLR (Pt. 1572) 1 or (2017) LPELR-42516 (SC)..………… both this Court and the Supreme Court held in that case, that the parties did not intend to be bound by the MOU, since it only represented a preliminary understanding of the parties’ plan to enter into a contract in the future. But in the case leading to this appeal, the parties did not make the MOU subject to the execution of any further agreement. They intended that it should be binding on them and indeed commenced the execution of the terms therein as noted supra. In this circumstance, the Appellant cannot be allowed to renege from it.”
Also, the Supreme Court held in Adedeji v. Obajimi [2018] 16 Nwlr Part 1644 Page 146 that an MOU was enforceable because the parties intended to be bound, they had intentions to create a legal relationship. The Appellant signed the MOU to pay the sum of N5,000,000 to buy a company [at a particular date] and also a statutory deposit of N500,000 to the Central Bank of Nigeria. It was agreed that in the event of an inconclusive sale, the Appellant would be reimbursed the money incurred for expenses. But the Appellant did not pay the N5,000,000 and he sued for reimbursement. The Apex Court held that he had breached the terms of the MOU as he failed to perform his contractual obligations. There was an intention to be bound and he breached the agreement. Therefore, the MOU was enforceable.
From the above decisions, there is an emphasis to intention to create legal relationships. This element is usually what differentiates contracts from mere agreements. Offer, Acceptance, Consideration and Capacity might all be present but no agreement will receive the force of law if it lacks an intention.
Conclusion
Memorandums of Understanding are generally unenforceable. There are usually preliminaries to future agreements. However, where parties intend to be bound, then they are placed on the same pedestal as Contracts and consequently receive the stamp of enforceability, in which case a Memorandum of Understanding is a binding obligation. Where there is intention, it is no longer a preliminary; it is a debt to be paid. An MOU is thus, an IOU.
TEAM VERNIA
52B, Adeyemo Akapo Street,Omole Phase I Estate,
Off Agidingbi Road, Ikeja, Lagos.
+234 813 830 6975
[email protected]
by Vernia Legal Practitioners | Oct 9, 2022 | Politics, Society & Law
The forthcoming 2023 General Elections is the most important topic in the Nigerian political sphere being discussed right now. The prominent parties at the forefront are the All Progressive Congress which is flag-borned by former Governor of Lagos State, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu; the People’s Democratic Party whose candidate is former Vice-President of Nigeria, Alhaji Atiku Abubakar; and finally, the Labour Party being represented by former Governor of Anambra State, Mr. Peter Gregory Obi.
Jurisdiction
The APC administration while campaigning in 2019 promised Nigerians it would bring a massive change in all strata of governance. It made the same promise in 2019 when seeking re-election. However, the vast majority of Nigerians disagree and insist that the APC government has failed to fulfil its promises. Currently, the rate of insecurity has skyrocketed like never before, the economy has melted down, the Naira currently keeps being devalued on a daily basis, insurgency is no longer a piece of “breaking news” as it is now the norm, amongst other disheartening tales the Nigerian person can easily tell. Yet, the APC wants to contest again.
Questions to answer
- After nearly 8 years of ruling, should APC be rewarded with at least another 4 years in power?
- After 16 previous years, should the PDP be given the reins of the country again?
- Is it time for the Labour Party, whose candidate has a brilliant track record in governance? Should there be a new Sherrif in town who would probably set the ball rolling for good governance, thereby restoring Nigeria back to its glory days?
In the past few months, Labour Party’s candidate, Mr. Obi has been the most popular especially on mainstream social media. His achievements as a former Governor have been brought to the fore of political debates and discussions. His supporters dubbed as “OBIdients” have taken campaign and political awareness to another level. Their passion, grit and doggedness cannot be ignored. This drive to see their preferred choice get to the Aso Rock has also led to several allegations that they have been bullying and attacking members of the opposition parties, especially members of the APC who are popularly called “BATified”, not to cast their vote for the APC. The OBIdients are demanding a truthful change in governance and refuse to back down or be brow-beaten. It is their strong and unshaken belief that the APC government must not be allowed to continue in leading the country. To them, Nigeria has regressed like never before and enough is enough.
Two Sides of A Coin
Everyone has the right to vote a party or person of choice. Article 21, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 provides that everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through his chosen representatives. Section 38, 1999 Constitution says that everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Section 40 goes further, establishing the rights to free assembly and association and that a person can belong to any political party of his choice. These statutes highlights that a person has the right to cast his vote in favor of anyone he chooses to. That is the law. It is an unfettered right and no one should be disenfranchised. That is the right and proper thing. Section 51(2), Electoral Act, 2022 says “no voter shall vote for more than one candidate or record more than one vote in favor of ANY candidate”. This means, you should cast your vote according to your choice.
However, we must take a look at the other side of the table. Is it just to vote in a government that majority of the people are unhappy with? Is it fair to reward, by all acceptable standards of governance, a failed administration which has kept the citizenry in a state of misery, by voting for its continuity? Currently, the Academic Staff Union of Universities [ASUU] has been on strike since February 14th 2022, thereby suspending academic activities and keeping students at home for almost a year, consequently, educational stagnation is inevitable. During the #EndSARS protests that swept the nation 2 years ago, precisely on the 10th day of October 2020, protesters were shot dead at the Lekki Toll Gate, which is today known as the “Lekki Massacre”. The nation has suffered so many cases of injustice from the government in different ways. Jeremy Bentham, the father of the Utilitarian School of Thought argues that the essence of law is to promote collective happiness of the people. Thus, OBIdients insist that to vote in the APC administration would be politically immoral, unfair and unjust despite the fact that the law entitles everyone to vote according to his/her conscience. Narendra Mordi says people power must be combined with good governance to bring about real, deep and long lasting change; good governance cannot remain merely a philosophy, concrete steps have to be taken for realizing its good. The OBIdients who have been resilient and staunch in their support, refuse to back down and are unapologetically unfriendly towards members and supporters of the opposition. This behavior has been branded by many as bullying and hostile but they do not bat an eye lid.
So, the burning question remains, which better reflects Justice: Voting [according to your choice] a candidate that is deemed harmful to collective good of the people or forcefully demanding for better governance and insisting on it vehemently?
What is Justice?
One cannot take away the institution of the law in society. Without it, we are no better than animals. However, the aim of the law is to ensure Justice and foster progress in society. We opine strongly and agree with Bentham that the law is to create happiness for the highest number of people. Therefore, it can be argued that voting in a person that is seen as a threat or harmful to the majority, is “unjust” even though the law gives you a freedom to choose.
According to Le Modesit Jnr., never mistake Law for Justice, Justice is an ideal, and Law is a tool. The BATified believe that they have the right to vote in their preferred choice. This is the law and it is valid because it is a reflection of the provisions of the law. To them, this is justice and it can be argued to be so. However, the OBIdients on the other hand insist that such choice although legal, is unjust on the long term and would have grave consequences. Their stance is akin to the words of Immanuel Kant: “The worst form of Injustice is pretended Justice”.
Yes, bullying and attack should not be tolerated, but can the OBIdients be blamed? Jim Crow laws in the 80’s legalized slavery and yet, that did not make them just. The nation needs a revolution to effect that change it was promised 7 years ago. The people are tired to their bones. Nigerians need to be free from shackles that has kept us bound for so long. At this point, it is seen as a do-or-die affair for many people. Patrick Henry on March 23rd of 1775 said, “give me liberty or give me death”.
It is legal to vote a candidate of choice. However, if that choice is fatal to collective good of the people, it is deemed unjust.
TEAM VERNIA
52B, Adeyemo Akapo Street,Omole Phase I Estate,
Off Agidingbi Road, Ikeja, Lagos.
+234 813 830 6975
[email protected]
by Vernia Legal Practitioners | Sep 26, 2022 | Commercial Law, Society & Law, Tax
Tax Appeal Tribunal [hereinafter referred to as the “TAT” or “Tribunal”] is established pursuant to SECTION 59 (1), FEDERAL INLAND REVENUE SERVICE [ESTABLISHMENT] ACT, 2007 [hereinafter referred to as the “FIRS Act”]. The TAT replaces the former Body of Appeal Commissioners [BAC] and Value Added Tax [VAT] Tribunals. The TAT is not a Court, but rather an administrative body saddled with responsibilities of handling disputes on taxation; to be specific, taxes accruable to the Federal Government of Nigeria.
Jurisdiction
The 5th Schedule of the FIRS Act states that the TAT has jurisdiction over all matters contained in the 5th Schedule [to the FIRS Act]. These includes: disputes arising from the Companies Income Tax Act [CITA], Petroleum Profit Tax Act [PPTA], Personal Income Tax Act [PITA], Capital Gains Tax Act [CGT], Stamp Duties Act [SDT], Value Added Tax Act [VAT], Taxes and Levies [Approved list for collection] Act as well as other laws, Regulations, Proclamations, Government notices or Rules related to these Acts. Furthermore, it is instructive to note that the Tribunal also adjudicates tax disputes arising from the actions and decisions of state tax authorities provided the disputes relate to any of the Acts listed in the First Schedule to the FIRS Act. There used to be a debate as to which is the appropriate forum to bring federal taxation matters to, whether it is the TAT or the Federal High Court [hereinafter referred to as “FHC”]. Section 251(a) – (c), 1999 Constitution confers upon the FHC exclusive jurisdiction to entertain and adjudicate upon matters related to taxation of the Federal Government or its agencies. Section 59 (2), Establishment Act saddles the TAT with the responsibility of handling disputes relating to taxes due to the Federal Government through the FIRS. Therefore, it begged the question that when there is a grievance, which of the two judicial bodies is the appropriate point of call? Can a complainant bypass the TAT and go straight to the FHC or he must go through the former first? After series of decisions, the Court of Appeal finally put an end to this. In Federal Inland Revenue Service v. TSKJ [Construcoes Internacional Sociadade Unipersoal], [2017] LCN/10279 CA, the Court held that a party must approach the TAT before escalating a grievance to the Federal High Court where a statute prescribes a line of action in resolution of a dispute, all available remedies must be exhausted first before resorting to the halls of a Courtroom. This however, as properly and firmly noted by the same Court of Appeal in the later decision of Skye Bank Plc v. K.S.I.R.S [2021] 12 Nwlr [Part 1789] Page 27], the TAT is not a Court and does not ousts the jurisdiction of a Court.
The TAT Zones
A Tax Appeal Tribunal is located in the Federal Capital Territory, Lagos State and in each of the six geo-political zones of Nigeria.
Initiation of Action
The Tax Appeal Tribunal as defined by the Court of Appeal in Skye Bank Plc v. K.S.I.R.S [supra] is an administrative tribunal set up to determine the correctness of assessment of tax without fixation of formality. When a tax has been imposed on a party, he is free to object to it and lay a complaint to the imposing authority. Upon failure to reach an amicable resolution, such complainant [aggrieved party] has the right to escalate it further by approaching the TAT. The procedures of filing an action under the TAT, like a usual Court, is regulated by procedure and hence the Tax Appeal Tribunal [Procedure] Rules 2021.
According to the FIRS Act and Order 3 Rule 1, TAT [Procedure] Rules 2021, both the taxpayer and relevant tax authority can initiate the appeal process. Rule 2 provides that such complainant shall file the action within a period of 30 days from the date on which the cause of complaint [action, decision, assessment or demand notice] which is being appealed against, was made by the FIRS. However, the Tribunal may still entertain an appeal after the expiration of the said period of 30 days if it is satisfied that there was a reasonable cause for the delay. Going further, Rule 3 says that if the complainant is the FIRS or any relevant tax authority, aggrieved by non-compliance by any person in respect of any provisions of the tax laws referred to in Paragraph 11 of the 5th Schedule to the Act under its administration, it may as in Rule 2 above, file an appeal at the appropriate zone of the Tribunal.
If a party is still dissatisfied with the decision of the Tribunal, Order 1, Rule 1, Federal High Court [Tax Appeal] Rules, 2022 provides that such party can file a Notice of Appeal to the Federal High Court within 30 days after the decision of the Tribunal was given.
Structure
According to Section 2, 5th Schedule, Establishment Act, the TAT has a total of 50 Tax Appeal Commissioners. A Tribunal consists of 5 members appointed by the Honorable Minister of Finance. The Chairman for each zone must be a legal practitioner who has been so qualified to practice for a period of not less than 15 years with experience in tax legislation and tax matters. The Chairman presides at every sitting of the Tribunal and in his absence the members shall appoint one of them to be the Chairman. The quorum at any sitting of the Tribunal is 3 members. Section 4 provides that a Tax Appeal Commissioner is to hold office for a term of 3 years, which is renewable for another term of three years only, from the date on which he assumes his office or until he attains the age of 70 years whichever is earlier.
Responsibilities of The TAT
The Tribunal is responsible for entertaining, determining and adjudicating on all the cases filed before it. The Tax Appeal Commissioners sit on the tribunals to perform these duties. Also, where the cases also have elements of crime, it can refer them to the office of the Attorney General of the States or Federation [as the case may be]; or other law enforcement agencies so the matters can be prosecuted. The decision of the Tribunal [Award or Judgement] will be registered at the Federal High Court and enforced as if it was a Judgment of the Court.
Bottlenecks of Dispute Resolution
As gleaned earlier, appeals from the TAT lie to the Federal High Court. Order 1, Rule 1 Federal High Court Tax Appeal [Procedural] Rules, 2022 is instructive on this. However, this can only be done on points of law. The Act provides that appeal against the decision of the Tribunal lies to the Federal High Court “on points of law” and further appeal lies to the Court of Appeal. No room for an appeal on points of facts is made here. This may appear unconstitutional and could be challenged. However, it would also seem that the approach as universal appeal in matters of tax appeal. In addition, the Rules require a deposit of Judgement Sum. Order 5 Rule 1 mandates a tax debtor who is challenging the decision of the Tribunal [“the Tribunal”] to deposit the judgement debt in an interest yielding amount maintained by the Chief Registrar of the Court. Otherwise, the appeal will not be heard. This is a precondition that must be satisfied. In our opinion, it seems unfair to a party being asked to deposit the same amount of money which he is appealing against, before he can make that appeal. It is nothing but a representation of the popular phrase associated with the military which is “obey before complain”. The essence of appealing is to overrule the lower court and prevent that “obedience” from taking place. However, on the flip side, it is argued that this payment to the Government is imperative for the funding of developmental projects. Failure of parties to pay hinders the tasks the Government intends to carry out. Besides, Paragraph 17, 5th Schedule of the FIRS Act mandates this payment to be made as a condition precedent to further appeal. It should be noted that this approach is not unique to Nigeria. It could be found in other tax jurisdictions to a varying degree.
Furthermore, at the TAT, the commissioners who adjudicate the disputes are experts who have experience in taxation. However, the Judges at the Federal High Court where appeals from the TAT will lie to, might not be vast in the realm of taxation and this undoubtedly can scupper the Court from reaching a sound and robust decision. There have been calls for the establishment of a proper Revenue Court manned by Judges appointed from legal practitioners with verse knowledge of and wealth of experience in tax matters and tax dispute resolution.
Conclusion
The TAT has always been a proper forum to ventilate taxation related grievances. Parties do not need to go to Court and endure all the stressful procedure required just before they can seek redress. The Tribunal saves them that long and tedious process. The aim, like any other body tasked with judicial and adjudicatory powers is to determine rights and liabilities and ultimately grant redress being sought by parties who come before it.
However, the system is not perfect as it is fraught with its own shortcomings. The restriction on appeals only on points of law is a not in the interests of litigants as the very Justice they seek before the Federal High Court is already limited. We strongly opine that a balance be struck in the payment of the Judgement Sum as a pre-condition for appeal, which would reflect equity and fairness. Yes, it looks harsh on parties but also, the Government needs the money too. The Law needs an amendment. Then, to ensure well-grounded decisions, forged from solid jurisprudence are reached, devoid of all the stressful procedure and legalese of the regular Courts, we suggest that there should be the establishment of Revenue Courts in line with the prescription of the revised National Tax Policy Document. In fact, the TATs can be transformed into these proposed Revenue Courts while the Chairmen be elevated to the position of Judges.
TEAM VERNIA
52B, Adeyemo Akapo Street,Omole Phase I Estate,
Off Agidingbi Road, Ikeja, Lagos.
+234 813 830 6975
[email protected]
by Vernia Legal Practitioners | Sep 8, 2022 | Commercial Law, Litigation, Society & Law
The recent Money Laundering Act [hereinafter referred to as “MLA”] was enacted in May 2022 to repeal the previous Act of 2011. This latest law like its predecessor is to ensure transparency and disclosure by shining the torchlight on financial transactions, combat money laundering and other related crimes. Penalties as usual, have been prescribed to act as deterrent for anyone, whether natural or corporate, who flouts these provisions.
The Law
Section 2(1) provides that no person or body corporate shall except through a financial institution, make or accept a cash transaction exceeding the sum of N5 Million Naira or its equivalent [in the case of an individual] or N10 Million Naira [in the case of a body corporate].
Section 3(1) imposes a duty to report in writing, a transfer to or from a foreign nation, funds or securities by any person including a money service business, of any sum exceeding $10,000, to the Special Control Unit against Money Laundering [hereinafter referred to as “SCUML”], a unit under the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Central Bank of Nigeria and Securities and Exchange Commission, within one day from the date of the transaction.
Section 4 (1) – (12) creates a responsibility on financial institutions and designated non-financial business and profession [hereinafter referred to as “DNBP”] to identify the identities of customers, take reasonable measures to verify anyone acting on their behalf, carry out due diligence while establishing business relationships and transactions, scrutinize transactions, gather sufficient information about customer and their business, etc.
Section 6 (1) says that financial institutions and DNBPs whose profession involves cash transactions shall in the case of a new business, before its commencement and an existing business, within 3 months after the enactment of the Act, submit to the SCUML, a declaration of its activities.
Section 7 also imposes a duty to report any suspicious transaction involving a frequency which is unjustifiable or unreasonable, surrounded by conditions of unusual or unjustified complexity, appears to have no economic justification or lawful objective, is inconsistent with the known transaction pattern of the account or business relationship, or is in the opinion of the financial institution or non-financial business and profession involves the proceeds of a criminal activity, unlawful act, money laundering or terrorist financing, and so on.
Section 11 (1) further goes on to say that notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other law or regulation, a financial institution or DBNPs should report to the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unite [hereinafter referred to as the “Unit”] in the case of a financial institution and to the SCUML in the case of a designated non-financial business and profession in writing within 7 days, any single transaction, lodgment or transfer of funds in excess of N5 Million Naira or its equivalent [in the case of an individual] or N10 Million Naira [in the case of a body corporate].
In addition, the law has gone a step further to place a burden on society; everyone has a reasonable man’s test to undergo. According to Section 20 (a) and (b), any person who:
“(a) conceals, removes from jurisdiction, transfers to nominees or otherwise retains the proceeds of an unlawful act on behalf of another person, where he knows or reasonably ought to have known or suspected that other person to be engaged in an unlawful act or has benefited from an unlawful act, or
(b) knows or reasonably ought to have known or suspected that any property either in whole or in part directly or indirectly represents another person’s proceeds of an unlawful act, acquires or uses that property or takes possession of it, commits an offence under this Act and is liable on conviction to a fine of at least five times the value of the proceeds of the unlawful act or imprisonment for a term of at least four years but not more than 14 years or both.”
The implication is that no one can feign ignorance about the unlawful nature of a transaction. You are expected to exercise reasonable care when dealing with third parties and a certain level of diligence is expected of you.
The Law and Lawyers
Section 11 (4) expressly states that legal professional privilege and the invocation of client confidentiality shall not apply in connection with:
- the purchase or sale of property;
- the purchase or sale of any business;
- the managing of client money, securities or other assets;
- the opening or management of bank, savings or securities accounts;
- the creation, operation or management of trusts, companies or similar structures.
One of the basic tenets of the legal profession is confidentiality. Like Religious Priests with congregation members, and Medical Practitioners with patients, the law in jurisdictions worldwide regard the relationship of a lawyer and his client as sacred. Such relationship is built and sustained on the concept of trust. According to Rule 19, Rules of Professional Conduct 2007, a Lawyer and Client communication is privileged. Without consent from the latter, it cannot be disclosed. To do so is a disbarrable offence on the part of the lawyer. The communication between both parties is privileged and generally cannot be used in evidence. Section 192 (1), Evidence Act 2011 provides that the communication between a lawyer and client is privileged. Except with the Client’s consent, the lawyer CANNOT disclose such information. The exceptions are:
a. Where such communication is made in furtherance of a crime;
b. Any observation made by the lawyer that since his employment, the Client has committed a crime.
Client-Attorney Privilege is so sacred that in 192 (3), this privilege still exists even if the Lawyer is no longer in the employ of the client. It is important. Thus, a law compelling a lawyer to disclose the transaction of his client is invalid. Therefore, the above provisions of Section 11 (4) MLA 2022 lifting such privilege is an aberration of established rules and principles of law. The Court of Appeal held in Mekwunye v. Carnation Registrars Limited [2021] 15 NWLR Part 1798 Page 1 that even the Court CANNOT compel a lawyer to break confidentiality. Espousing the importance of the concept, Pemu J.C.A @ Pages 40, Paras C – D held:
“The Counsel-Client relationship is fraught and clothed with privilege. Privilege for communication in relation to litigation based on the oath and honour of the lawyer who is duty bound to guard his client’s secrets.”
Privilege is not for fun. It is a duty. Keeping it short yet firm, the words of Daudu, SAN in the proceedings of Nigerian Bar Association v. Moses [2016] 10 NWLR, Page 366 @ 391 Paras F – C:
“The legal practitioner must accept that every privilege comes with a huge baggage of responsibilities.”
When the Old Act was enacted in 2011, the Nigerian Bar Association filed a suit against the Central Bank of Nigeria and the Attorney General, arguing that the provisions compelling disclosure cannot and should not be applied to lawyers because of Client-Attorney privilege. The Court of Appeal in Central Bank of Nigeria v. Registered Trustees of the Nigerian Bar Association & Anor. [2021] 5 Nwlr Part 1769 Page 268 held that although the law did not expressly mention, indeed lawyers were to be exempted from the application of such rule. The National Assembly in its own wisdom then choose to repeal the existing law and enact a new one in its stead and then expressly lift the privilege lawyers enjoy, therefore it would be said to be “what the law now says”. This is a disregard for Rule of Law. The act of the National Assembly in this regard is nothing short of legislative rascality. Client-Attorney Privilege is sacred! It must not be touched. In Agetu v. Commissioner of Police [2020] 13 NWLR Part 1741 Page 245, the Court held that a lawyer CANNOT be compelled to disclose information of his client except where he is a witness and even at that the Court can only permit him to do so if deemed necessary.
The provisions of Section 20 (a) and (b), MLA 2022 in our opinion should definitely not apply to lawyers. A lawyer should not be saddled with the responsibility of investigating the source of his client’s funds or wealth. That is within the remit and responsibility of law enforcement agencies. What he is owed is the perfection of his brief; the payment of his professional fees by the said client. The Court of Appeal, Lagos Judicial Division on May 14th, 2021 dismissed the appeal filed by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission who froze the accounts of renowned learned silk, Mike Ozekhome S.A.N on the grounds that his professional fees being paid to him by his client were unlawfully acquired. Lawyers enjoy this privilege and it must not be tampered with except in accordance with the due procedure of the law.
Conclusion
Without a shred of doubt, the MLA 2022 is anchored on transparency and disclosure, as the foundations to build the machinery for combating money laundering. The public has a sense of responsibility to be bloodhounds; to sniff around suspicious transactions and persons and then report to the relevant authorities. This would therefore keep everyone on their toes knowing fully well that lack of diligence is now penalized.
On the other side of the coin, it is our considered view that the Act can be deemed unconstitutional. Section 37, 1999 Constitution guarantees the Right to Privacy. The Act seemingly infringes on this. Except a person is subject of an investigation, or where it is extremely important, he should not be forced to disclose details of his financial dealings. Private transactions should be made private. Except if such matters are part of public records [which they are not], law enforcement agencies should not easily have access to them as they like. Court orders should be sought and obtained first.
Furthermore, the sacrosanctity and sacredness of Client-Attorney privilege must also be put into consideration. No matter how desirable it is, lawyers cannot and should not be compelled to disclose details of their Clients’ affairs. It goes against the very ethos of the legal profession. The provisions of the MLA 2022 therefore are nothing but an attack on the legal profession. Lawyers help in drafting the law. Help in interpreting the law. Help in defending the law. But this time, the law is a weapon being brandished against us. The law here in our opinion, is “unlawful”.
It is an attack on lawyers.
TEAM VERNIA
52B, Adeyemo Akapo Street,Omole Phase I Estate,
Off Agidingbi Road, Ikeja, Lagos.
+234 813 830 6975
[email protected]
by Vernia Legal Practitioners | Aug 19, 2022 | Commercial Law, Society & Law
Under the recent CAMA 2020, there have been the several inclusions of innovative provisions that would help in shaping the modern corporate world. Merger and Acquisitions [hereinafter referred to as “M & As”] remain an important aspect of business and the law has introduced new rules which would affect M & As going forward. A few of them are:
1. Disclosure and Transparency
The new CAMA contains new provisions that promote transparency provisions with regards to the ownership in companies. Section 119 says that every person with significant control over a company shall, within seven days of becoming such an owner, inform the company in writing the particulars of such control and must also disclose this in all subsequent annual returns filed with the Corporate Affairs Commission [hereinafter referred to as “CAC”]. CAC is also compelled to maintain a register of persons with significant control. According to Section 120, a person who is a substantial shareholder in a public company must disclose such substantial shareholding to the company within 14 days of becoming aware of such substantial shareholding. He must also disclose whether or not he holds the shares as a beneficial owner or as a nominee of an interested person. After being notified of such disclosure or becoming aware of such substantial shareholding, the company in question has a duty notify the CAC of this. Furthermore, in Section 121 where a person stops being a substantial shareholder in a public company, within 14 days, he must disclose this to the company in writing stating the particulars of the change in his status. Again, upon being notified of or becoming aware of this, the company must notify the CAC within 14 days.
2. Court Sanctioning of Merger Schemes
Section 711 (1) and (2) provide that where under a scheme proposed for a compromise, arrangement or reconstruction between two or more companies or the merger of any two or more companies, the whole or any part of the undertaking or the property of any company concerned in the scheme is to be transferred to another company, the Court may, on the application in summary of any of the companies to be affected, order separate meetings of the companies to be summoned in such manner as the Court may direct. If a majority representing at least ¾ (three –quarter) value of the share of members being present and voting either in person or by proxy at each of the separate meetings, agree to the scheme, an application may be made to the Court by one or more of the companies, and the Court shall sanction the scheme.
3. Financial Assistance to Shareholders
Under the old dispensation, a company was barred from rendering financial assistance to a shareholder or an intended shareholder who sought to acquire shares in the company. However, the new CAMA of 2020 has come to make a way; Section 183(3)(e) and (f) permits companies to render such assistance in the acquisition or proposed acquisition of their shares where:
- It is done pursuant to a court-sanctioned scheme of arrangement, merger, or restructuring of the company; or
- The man reason purpose in giving the assistance is not to reduce or discharge any liability incurred by a person acquiring shares in the company or its holding company but is merely incidental to a larger purpose of the company, and the assistance is given in good faith in the interests of the company.
In addition, Section 183(4) provides that a private company may offer such financial aids for the acquisition of its shares, or that of its holding company if it is a subsidiary, where it is approved by a special resolution, the net assets of the company are not reduced or, if they are reduced, the assistance is provided from distributable profits; and the directors of the company make a statutory declaration in the prescribed form before the financial assistance is provided.
4. Repurchase of Shares
Under the old CAMA, companies were generally prohibited from acquiring their own shares. However, CAMA 2020 has now lifted such restrictions. Sections 184 permits a company may only purchase its own shares:
- if so permitted by its Articles;
- the shareholders shall, by special resolution, approve the acquisition by the company of the shares that it intends to purchase;
- only fully paid up shares of a company may be purchased by the company, and the terms of purchase shall provide for payment for the purchase;
- within seven days after the passing of the special resolution referred to in paragraph(b), the company shall cause to be published in two national newspapers, a notice of the proposed purchase by the company of its own shares;
- within 15 days after the publication in two national newspapers, the directors of the company shall make and file with the Commission, a statutory declaration of solvency, to the effect that the company is solvent and can pay its debts as they fall due, and that after the purchase of its shares, the company shall remain solvent and can pay its debts as they fall due.
However, paragraph (f) say that a company may not purchase its shares if, as a result of the purchase, there would no longer be any issued shares of the company other than redeemable shares or shares held as treasury shares.
5. Restriction of Shares
Under the old CAMA, private companies were compelled to restrict the transfer of their shares. But, under the new Act, it is no longer mandatory; private companies are at liberty to restrict or not. However, Section 22 (2) says they can do so, subject to the provisions of the Articles of Association, and still provide that:
- the company shall not, without consent of all its members, sell assets having a value more than 50% of the total value of the company’s assets;
- a member shall not sell that member’s shares in the company to a non-member, without first offering those shares to existing members; and
- a member, or a group of members acting together, shall not sell or agree to sell more than 50% of the shares in the company to a person who is not then a member, unless that non-member has offered to buy all the existing members’ interests on the same terms.
The underlying benefit of this provision in M & As is that, before private companies were forced to restrict transfer of their shares, therefore limiting M & A transactions. But now, there such shackles have been loosened. Private companies are no longer forced to restrict such transfers and as such M & As can be expanded as much as the contracting parties desire.
Conclusion
The CAMA 2020 has come to offer a new outlook for M & As in Nigeria. The recent provisions help in ensuring transparency, creates avenue for financial assistance to companies, repurchase and transfer of shares, etc. amongst other new innovations. These in general have helped in reducing bottlenecks which under the old dispensation would hinder the smooth operation of different transactions for companies especially for the ones involved in M&As. The new CAMA therefore helps companies who either want to merge or acquire shares in other companies. Thanks to it, M & As look much brighter and a safer form of investments.
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